Uncertainty Reduction Strategies Research Articles

A pilot, single-arm feasibility study of an integrated cognitive-behavioral treatment for anxiety in young autistic children.

Anxiety is prevalent in young autistic children under 7 years of age. Yet there is a paucity of empirically based interventions for this age group. DINO Strategies for Anxiety and Uncertainty Reduction (DINOSAUR) is an innovative cognitive behavioral intervention that seeks to optimize treatment response in young autistic children by targeting anxiety and the contributing mechanisms of intolerance of uncertainty and parental accommodation using a telehealth delivery model. This pilot, single-arm study examines the preliminary feasibility of DINOSAUR. Fourteen autistic children ages 4-6 years with average language and cognitive skills and their parents received the intervention. Quantitative and qualitative data pertaining to parent satisfaction and treatment outcomes were collected. Attendance, retention, and parent satisfaction ratings offer preliminary support for the feasibility of the treatment model. Change in clinical severity ratings on a semi-structured parent interview of anxiety and parents' qualitative report suggests the potential to benefit young autistic children. Results support future study of the DINOSAUR model in a larger, randomized controlled trial.

Uncertainty Reduction Strategies on Share in Jar Skincare’s Purchase Intention

Share-in-jar skincare products come up with a relatively high level of uncertainty as sales are commonly only made online, thus making it impossible for consumers to ascertain the product’s quality and suitability. Indonesians, on the other hand, are said to have a low uncertainty avoidance, which tends to be more tolerant of uncertainty and is supposed to be less active in seeking information to reduce uncertainty. This study aims to analyse the effect of uncertainty reduction strategies on the purchase intention of share-in-jar skincare products on marketplaces and social networking sites (SNS) in Indonesia. This study used an explanatory quantitative approach with a survey method. It involved 395 Indonesian consumers who had searched for information about share-in-jar skincare products through marketplaces or SNS. The multiple linear regression analysis revealed that Indonesian consumers had a low level of uncertainty avoidance but actively sought information before purchasing products. The passive, active, and interactive strategies simultaneously affected the intention to buy share-in-jar skincare products, but the active strategy had no effect when tested partially. The passive strategy was the most influential uncertainty reduction strategy toward the purchase intention of share-in-jar skincare products.

The Preference of Social Networking Sites and Uncertainty Reduction Strategies Towards Information on COVID-19 Vaccination

At the end of 2019, the world showcased a lethal outbreak of COVID-19, which was announced by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a pandemic in March 2020. As this outbreak has spread worldwide, including in Malaysia, several alternatives were undertaken by the government to curb this spread including introduce a vaccination program for the community. This program is believed to make most of the community worried or uncertain since it is still newly introduced. In reducing people's worries and uncertainties regarding COVID-19 vaccination, searching for information via social networking sites (SNS) will likely reduce their uncertainty. This study aims to determine the most preferred SNS used by people of middle age to reduce uncertainty regarding information on COVID-19 vaccination. This study also aimed to identify the factors that contribute to middle-aged people's preferences for SNS to reduce their uncertainty about COVID-19 vaccination, as well as the uncertainty reduction strategies (URSs) used by middle-aged people over preferred SNS to reduce their level of uncertainty about COVID-19 vaccination. Uncertainty Reduction Theory was used as the underpinning theory for this study. This study employed a qualitative approach in which an in-depth e-interview was conducted over a Google Meet platform. The results showed that Facebook is the most preferred SNS the informants use to reduce uncertainty regarding COVID-19 vaccination. This study also found information authority to be the most important factor for SNS preference. Finally, the study also discovered that the passive strategy is the most commonly employed method used by informants to reduce information uncertainties regarding COVID-19 vaccination. Keywords: COVID-19, vaccination, social networking sites, Uncertainty Reduction Theory, information.

Robo-advisors and investment intention: A perspective of value-based adoption

Financial robo-advisors have been widely used to assist individuals in their investment decisions, making it important to reduce uncertainties in the assistance process. Existing empirical studies rarely explore uncertainty reduction strategies and their implications on users’ investment intentions in the context of financial robo-advisors; our study attempts to address this gap. We construct a model to explain how uncertainty reduction strategies affect users’ investment intention in using financial robo-advisors. By collecting and analyzing a sample of 307 financial robo-advisor users, we find that algorithmic interpretability, structural assurance, and interactivity as uncertainty reduction strategies are positively related to users’ investment intention through the value-based adoption mechanism. Our research extends the value-based adoption model and uncertainty reduction theory in the financial robo-advisor context. We provide insights to financial robo-advisor service providers about focusing on improving algorithmic transparency, third-party assurance, and interactivity of financial robo-advisors to enhance perceived value and investment intention.

Islamic Elementary School Teachers’ Uncertainty on Distance Learning

Various obstacles were encountered by teachers during distance learning when covid-19 pandemi hit. Online teaching has become tough challenge for the forest edge villages’ school teachers in Madiun regency, Indonesia. Online teaching obstacles were also felt by the first-grade teachers at Madrasah Ibtidaiyyah Plus Al-Makmun (MI Plus Al-Makmun) which caused uncertainty. This study aims to examine the types of the teachers’ uncertainty and their uncertainty reduction strategies using uncertainty reduction theory. Descriptive qualitative method was used in this study and in-depth interview was conducted to gather data. The results of this study indicate that there are two types of uncertainty felt by the informants, the first is cognitive which is related to difficulties in understanding their students’ character and their insecurity about students’ understanding of school lessons, and the second is behavioral uncertainty which is related to how students respond and behave in learning process.  Meanwhile, the teachers’ uncertainty reduction strategy are (1) passive strategies through secret observation, (2) active strategies by seeking information through parents and fellow teachers, and (3) interactive strategies by communicating directly with students

Navigating the Role of LGBTQ+ Identity in Self-Disclosure and Strategies Used for Uncertainty Reduction in Online Dating

ABSTRACT Online dating platforms pose novel challenges for personal privacy, self-disclosure, and uncertainty management. Emerging evidence suggests that LGBTQ+ users may be especially impacted by issues like personal privacy and misrepresentation online. LGBTQ+ identity disclosure is often fraught with pressures related to stigma, fear of accidental disclosure to unintended, undesired audiences, and the possibility of facing harassment and violence. How these identity concerns may manifest in uncertainty reduction strategies in online dating contexts has not yet been examined. To understand this relationship, we replicated and extended precious work examining self-disclosure concerns and uncertainty reduction strategies when online dating with a focus on LGBTQ+ users. Participants were surveyed on the amount of personal information they disclosed, the uncertainty reduction strategies they used, and concerns about disclosure. We found that use of uncertainty reduction strategies was predicted by concerns of personal security, misrepresentation of communication partners, and the possibility of being recognized. We also found that using these strategies predicted the frequency of specific self-disclosure in online dating situations. These findings support the value in continuing to understand the ways in which online information sharing and relationship development are influenced by social identity.

Exploring satisfaction with social networking sites through the lens of fan page visiting: uncertainty reduction and general systems theory perspective

PurposeThe purpose of the current study is to examine a social network site (SNS) users' overall satisfaction with SNS use in conjunction with their fan page visiting activities. We examined overall satisfaction with SNS usage from the lens of people's perceptions acquired from the use of sub-components of SNS.Design/methodology/approachThe current study employed uncertainty reduction theory (URT) and general systems theory (GST) to examine antecedents affecting overall satisfaction with SNS use. Five constructs were adopted: interactive and passive uncertainty reduction strategies, perceived usefulness and continuance visiting behavior, satisfaction, and perceived functional benefits. Using a web-based survey, we analyzed 200 SNS users who follow at least one company's fan page, utilizing seemingly unrelated regression models to test hypotheses empirically.FindingsResearch findings reveal that uncertainty reduction strategies supported by URT are significantly associated with the perceived usefulness of a company's fan page. In turn, we found that perceived usefulness becomes a strong motivator to continuance visits to the fan page. The frequency of return visiting behaviors eventually accounts for overall satisfaction with SNS. Perceived functional benefits moderates the relationship between perceived usefulness and visiting behaviors significantly.Originality/valueThe current study contributes to information systems (IS), electronic communication, and their adjacent academic disciplines in providing evidence, including (1) the impact of uncertainty reduction strategies on continuance visiting behaviors in the SNS context, (2) SNS functionalities influencing the relationship between people's belief and behavior, and (3) theoretical significant perceptional link between a sub-component and a whole.

Metaethical intuitions in lay concepts of normative uncertainty

ABSTRACT Even if we know all relevant descriptive facts about an act, we can still be uncertain about its moral acceptability. Most literature on how to act under such normative uncertainty operates on moral realism, the metaethical view that there are objective moral facts. Lay people largely report anti-realist intuitions, which poses the question of how these intuitions affect their interpretation and handling of normative uncertainty. Results from two quasi-experimental studies (total N  = 365) revealed that most people did not interpret normative uncertainty as referring to objective moral facts but rather as uncertainty regarding one’s own view, uncertainty regarding the culturally accepted view or as the result of ambivalence. Especially the anti-realist majority of participants interpreted normative uncertainty different to how it is described in the literature on choice under normative uncertainty. Metaethical views were also associated with lay peoples’ choice of uncertainty reduction strategies and with assumptions about the intended aim of such strategies. The current findings suggest that empirical investigations of normative uncertainty might benefit from considering folk metaethical pluralism, as the lay public largely disagrees with the metaethical assumptions underlying the current discourse on choice under normative uncertainty.

The role of situational normality, swift guanxi, and perceived effectiveness of social commerce institutional mechanisms: an uncertainty reduction perspective

PurposeThe success of social commerce depends on the actual transactions of consumers, which will be prevented in the presence of high uncertainty. However, attention paid to the uncertainty reduction strategies in social commerce is limited, especially from a unified theoretical framework. Based on uncertainty reduction theory (URT), this paper aims to investigate how three uncertainty reduction strategies (i.e. situational normality, perceived effectiveness of social commerce institutional mechanisms (PESIM) and swift guanxi) affect perceived uncertainty in social commerce, which in turn affects buyers' purchase intention and purchase behavior. The moderating effects of PESIM on the relationships between the other two strategies and perceived uncertainty were also tested.Design/methodology/approachIn this study longitudinal data from 211 buyers who have usage experience of Xiaohongshu were collected to test the proposed model and hypotheses.FindingsResults show that the three uncertainty reduction strategies significantly reduce perceived uncertainty. PESIM negatively moderates the relationships between situational normality and perceived uncertainty, swift guanxi and perceived uncertainty. Perceived uncertainty is negatively related to purchase intention. Purchase intention positively affects purchase behavior.Originality/valueThis study focuses on the role of uncertainty reduction mechanisms in promoting purchase behavior through uncertainty reduction and sheds light on the relationships among situational normality, PESIM, swift guanxi and perceived uncertainty based on URT, which have not been extensively studied from a theoretical perspective in social commerce contexts. Besides, this study investigates the moderating role of PESIM, which improves the understanding of the role of swift guanxi and situational normality in reducing perceived uncertainty under the boundary condition of PESIM.

Mitigating property quality uncertainty and property fit uncertainty in online peer-to-peer accommodation platforms: an uncertainty reduction theory perspective

PurposeBuilding upon uncertainty reduction theory, this work aims to explore how four uncertainty reduction factors (i.e. online property review, online textual description, online visual description and online instant messenger) mitigate property quality uncertainty and property fit uncertainty, which further influence Airbnb use intention.Design/methodology/approachThis work tests the proposed research model using a structural equation modeling approach with 335 Airbnb users.FindingsThe findings reveal that the online property review, online textual description, online visual description and online instant messenger can efficiently mitigate property quality uncertainty and property fit uncertainty, which ultimately influence Airbnb use intention.Research limitations/implicationsThis study provides useful insights on mitigating property uncertainty in the peer-to-peer (P2P) accommodation platforms. Researchers are encouraged to investigate the boundary conditions that influence the effectiveness of uncertainty reduction strategies in alleviating property uncertainty.Practical implicationsP2P accommodation service providers are suggested to take actionable uncertainty reduction strategies to mitigate property uncertainty in online P2P accommodation platforms.Originality/valueFirst, this study advances research on P2P accommodation by identifying two key types of property uncertainty, namely, property quality uncertainty and property fit uncertainty. Second, this study extends research on P2P accommodation by proposing contextualized passive, active and interactive uncertainty reduction strategies in mitigating property uncertainty. Third, this study extends uncertainty reduction theory to the P2P accommodation context. Fourth, this study enriches uncertainty reduction theory by verifying the mediating effects of property quality uncertainty and property fit uncertainty.

A Bayesian-driven Monte Carlo approach for managing construction schedule risks of infrastructures under uncertainty

The construction of infrastructures has often been challenged by construction delays, which are disruptive and expensive. As the construction of infrastructures is more complex and riskier under uncertainty, the construction schedule risks are becoming more interconnected and occurring in a chain of cascading events in practice. However, past research typically ignored the interdependency between sequence of risk occurrence (e.g., chronological and causal relationships). This research aims to close this gap through developing a novel approach based on Bayesian-driven Monte Carlo (BDMC) simulation for managing these interdependent construction schedule risks of infrastructures under uncertainty. This approach integrates hybrid data processing and analytics methods to (1) construct Bayesian network for identifying risks and risk interdependencies (i.e., causal relationships), (2) conduct risk inference and construction duration prediction involving both of chronological and causal relationships between risks, and (3) identify critical and sensitive risks and provide the most appropriate strategy for risk mitigation. The approach firstly pre-processes the data from risks and risk interdependencies to construct the risk network. It further constructs the Bayesian network using deep-first search (DFS), adapted maximum-weight spanning tree (A-MWST) algorithms and leaky-MAX model. Then the approach is developed for risk mapping based on BDMC simulation and for risk mitigation based on sensitivity and scenario analysis. Finally, a real infrastructure project is selected as the case study to verify this developed approach. Compared to conventional methods, the results show that the developed approach can provide more accurate schedule prediction with least 0.166% error ratio through incorporating interdependent risks into schedule prediction. It is also more informative through proposing effective risk mitigation strategies for delay avoidance and uncertainty reduction, and more convenient in data acquisition and processing when developing a Bayesian network through the developed hybrid data transformation approach converting the risk network into Bayesian network. This research contributes a new way to understand and analyse the interdependencies of risks and their impacts on construction schedule. The developed approach can be beneficial to managing construction schedule risks of infrastructures under uncertainty.

Mobile dependency and uncertainty reduction: influence on showrooming behaviours and user-generated content creation

PurposeThe expanded use of mobile devices for shopping has made mobile showrooming a frequent practice among omnichannel shoppers. This paper aims to shed light on the role of mobile dependency and uncertainty reduction strategies together with the motivation of getting the best value for money in showrooming behaviours and user-generated content (UGC) creation.Design/methodology/approachData were collected by means of a questionnaire answered by 659 shoppers in two product categories: clothing and consumer electronics. The research model was tested through partial least squares.FindingsThe results suggest that mobile showrooming attitude is positively affected by mobile dependency, value consciousness and need for touch, and negatively by perceived risk of mobile shopping. The results also reveal how UGC is created by showroomers and suggest this behaviour is linked to mobile dependency in the clothing category.Research limitations/implicationsAll the individuals in the sample had some experience in showrooming, which could affect the results regarding showrooming attitude and intentions. Future research should consider the role of experience and also validate the results across a larger number of product categories.Practical implicationsMobile showrooming is a challenge for multichannel retailers. This paper reveals certain ways in which multichannel retailers could deal with showroomers as potential customers.Originality/valueThis study is the first to analyse the role of mobile dependency in showrooming and the chain of effects towards mobile showrooming attitude, behaviour and UGC creation in two different product categories.

UNCERTAINTY REDUCTION PADA MAHASISWA TAHUN PERTAMA DI MASA PANDEMI COVID-19

This research aims to reveal the forms of uncertainty experienced by first-year students during the pandemic as well as to describe the uncertainty reduction strategies that have been carried out. The method used is a qualitative research method with a case study approach. Data analysis was carried out by selecting and sorting data, both primary and secondary according to the focus of this research and tested for its validity level using triangulation of sources and methods. The results showed that the interaction process of first-year students during the pandemic took place more virtually. As a result, informants experience three forms of uncertainty at the same time, namely cognitive uncertainty, behavioral uncertainty, and relationship uncertainty. One of the things that creates uncertainty for first-year students during this pandemic is the concealment of faces and identities by not turning on the camera during virtual interactions. This then causes individual confusion in behaving to other individuals. The strategy taken to reduce this uncertainty is in the form of planning and seeking information, while hedging measures are not found in this research.

The Impact of the COVID-19 Infodemic on Depression and Sleep Disorders: Focusing on Uncertainty Reduction Strategies and Level of Interpretation Theory.

BackgroundDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, information diffusion about the COVID-19 has attracted public attention through social media. The World Health Organization declared an infodemic of COVID-19 on February 15, 2020. Misinformation and disinformation, including overwhelming amounts of information about COVID-19 on social media, could promote adverse psychological effects.ObjectiveThis study used the Psychological Distance and Level of Construal theory (CLT) to predict peoples’ negative psychological symptoms from social media usage. In this study, the CLT intended to show peoples’ psychological proximity to objects and events with respect to the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, this study links the uncertainty reduction strategy (URS) and CLT for COVID-19–related preventive behaviors and affective reactions to assess their effects on mental health problems.MethodsA path model was tested (N=297) with data from a web-based survey to examine how social media usage behaviors are associated with URS and psychological distance with COVID-19 (based on the CLT), leading to preventive behaviors and affective reactions. Finally, the path model was used to examine how preventive behaviors and affective reactions are associated with mental health problems including anxiety and sleep disorder.ResultsAfter measuring participants’ social media usage behavior, we found that an increase in general social media usage led to higher use of the URS and lower construal level on COVID-19. The URS is associated with preventive behaviors, but the CLT did not show any association with preventive behaviors; however, it increases affective reactions. Moreover, increased preventive behavior showed negative associations with symptoms of mental health problems; that is, depression and sleep disorder. However, the affective reaction tends to be positively associated with depression and sleep disorder. Owing to the infodemic of COVID-19, the psychological perception of the pandemic negatively influenced users’ mental health problems.ConclusionsOur results imply that the information from social media usage heightened concerns and had a lower construal level; this does not facilitate taking preventive actions but rather reinforces the negative emotional reaction and mental health problems. Thus, higher URS usage is desirable.

A Proposed Uncertainty Reduction Criterion of Renewable Energy Sources for Optimal Operation of Distribution Systems

Power system operation and planning studies face many challenges with increasing of renewable energy sources (RESs) penetration. These challenges revolve around the RESs uncertainty and its applications on probabilistic forecasting, power system operation optimization and power system planning. This paper proposes a novel and effective criterion for uncertainties modeling of the RESs as well as system loads. Four sorting stages are applied for the proposed uncertainty cases reduction. Added to that, it proposes three different uncertainty reduction strategies for obtaining different accuracy and speed options. The proposed reduction strategies are tested on medium and large scale distribution systems; IEEE 69-bus and 118-bus systems. The obtained results verify the effectiveness of the proposed criterion in uncertainties modeling in distribution systems with acceptable level of accuracy.

Applying uncertainty reduction strategy for improving performance of questionnaire technique of solving cold user problem

Product recommendation systems are information filtering systems that uses ratings and predictions to make new product suggestions. There are many product recommendation system techniques in existence, these include collaborative filtering, content based filtering, knowledge based filtering, utility based filtering and demographic based filtering. Collaborative filtering techniques is known to be the most popular product recommendation system technique. It utilizes user’s previous product ratings to make new product suggestions. However collaborative filtering have some weaknesses, which include cold start, grey sheep issue, synonyms issue. However the major weakness of collaborative filtering approaches is cold user problem. Cold user problem is the failure of product recommendation systems to make product suggestions for new users. Literature investigation had shown that cold user problem could be effectively addressed using active learning technique of administering personalized questionnaire. Unfortunately, the result of personalized questionnaire technique could contain some user preference uncertainties where the product database is too large (as in Amazon). This research work addresses the weakness of personalized questionnaire technique by applying uncertainty reduction strategy to improve the result obtained from administering personalized questionnaire. In our experimental design we perform four different experiments; Personalized questionnaire approach of solving user based coldstart was implemented using Movielens dataset of 1M size, Personalized questionnaire approach of solving user based cold start was implemented using Movielens dataset of 10M size, Personalized questionnaire with uncertainty reduction was implemented using Movielens dataset of 1M size, and also Personalized  questionnaire with uncertainty reduction was implemented using Movielens dataset of 10M size. The experimental result shows RMSE, Precision and Recall improvement of 0.21, 0.17 and 0.18 respectively in 1M dataset and 0.17, 0.14 and 0.20 in 10M dataset respectively over personalized questionnaire.

ROMANTIC RELATIONSHIPS ON INSTAGRAM: EXPLORING KNAPP’S RELATIONAL STAGE MODE

Social media users in Indonesia are increasing today. Young adults aged 18 to 24 years old dominate around 39% of active Instagram users in Indonesia. The purpose of this study is to understand the way couples use Instagram in developing their romantic relationships and in reducing their uncertainty at the initiating stage of relationship development. The method used in this research was qualitative with a phenomenological research approach. The researchers interviewed two romantic couples, young adults who were active Instagram users - they log in daily and actively engage in the platform. This study has shown that Instagram has replaced Facebook as the 1st information seeking tool and as the main platform for doing initial approach before face-to-face interaction in young adults. The tangible difference lies in how the stranger gets acquittanced on Instagram at the initiating stage and how they show off their affection of ‘in relationship’ at the bonding stage. Further, the result has indicated that Instagram is the most common means of passive uncertainty reduction strategy at the initiating stage of relationship development, followed by interactive strategy and last is active strategy.

The Influence of Uncertainty Reduction Strategy over Social Network Sites Preference

User reviews are a new source of information in the hospitality and tourism sector. Usually, these reviews contain comments of users and assessments expressed through ordered qualitative scales. The website Booking.com uses a smiley face scale to ask users the degree of satisfaction regarding several aspects of accommodations. The scoring system of the website assigns numerical values to each item of the smiley face scale. However, when users perceive different proximities between pairs of items of an ordered qualitative scale, these numerical codifications are because they may misrepresent the original ordinal information. In this paper, we analyze the drawbacks and limitations of the scoring system of Booking.com and we manage its smiley face scale through a purely ordinal procedure. This procedure avoids assigning numerical codifications to items of scales and it takes into account how users perceive the proximities between pairs of items. The findings show the importance of considering how users understand qualitative scales when they face subjective assessments through ordered qualitative scales.

استراتیجیات اتصالات المخاطر الصحیة عبر مواقع التواصل الاجتماعی إزاء جائحة کورونا (دراسة تحلیلیة على الصفحات الرسمیة لوزارة الصحة المصریة)

تتحدد مشکلة الدراسة في التعرف على أهم استراتيجيات اتصال المخاطر، التي استخدمتها وزارة الصحة والسکان المصرية في الاتصال بالجمهور المصري عبر موقع الفيس بوک أثناء جائحة کورونا في المراحل المختلفة للأزمة، واعتمـدت الدراسـة على مدخــل نمـوذج اتصــال المخـاطـر للطــوارئ والأزمــات، وتوصلت الدراسة إلى مجموعة من النتائج أبرزها: -   تم استخدام استراتيجية توضيح الإجراءات الحکومية في غالبية المنشورات في مرحلة ما قبل الأزمة بهدف توضيح إجراءات الاستعداد للتعامل مع الأزمة، تلاها استراتيجية الطمأنة للتأکيد على عدم رصد أي حالات مصابة بمصر، ثم استراتيجية التحذيرات من المخاطر. -   احتلت استراتيجية توضيح الإجراءات الحکومية المرتبة الأولى في مرحلة الأحداث الأولية للأزمة، تلاها استراتيجية تخفيض الغموض، ثم استراتيجية ترويج السلوکيات الفعالة، تلا ذلک استراتيجية الطمأنة، کما تم استخدام استراتيجية تصحيح الشائعات وسوء الفهم في هذه المرحلة وما قبل الأزمة بنسبة أکبر من مرحلة الأزمة؛ وهو ما يشير إلى زيادة الشائعات نتيجة الغموض مع اندلاع الأزمة. -   أما في مرحلة الأزمة، فقد غلب استخدام استراتيجية تخفيض الغموض؛ حيث احتلت المرتبة الأولى من خلال نشر تقارير الحالات اليومية بانتظام بأعداد حالات الإصابة والوفاة والشفاء، وتعريف الجمهور بمصادر المعلومات الرسمية، ودعوة الجمهور لطرح استفساراتهم، تلاها استراتيجية ترويج السلوکيات الفعالة في المرکز الثاني، وهو ما يشير إلى أن توعية الجمهور بالسلوکيات الفعالة التي يجب الالتزام بها للوقاية من الوباء وعدم الإضرار بالآخرين تعد هدفا أساسيا أثناء مرحلة الأزمة، تلاها استراتيجية تقديم النصائح. Health Risk Communication Strategies on Social Media  Towards Covid-19 Pandemic (Analytical study on Egyptian Ministry of Health official pages) Research problem is to identify key risk communication strategies utilized by the Egyptian Ministry of Health and Population to communicate with the Egyptian public on Facebook during various stages of Corona pandemic crisis. The study uses the Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication Model (CERC). The most prominent results of the study are: -       Clarification of government measures Strategy was used to in the majority of posts in the pre-crisis phase in order to clarify the procedures for preparation to deal with the crisis, followed by a reassurance strategy to ensure that no infected cases were recorded in Egypt and then the warnings strategy. -       Clarification of government measures Strategy was ranked first in the initial events phase of the crisis, followed by the uncertainty reduction strategy, then the efficacy strategy, followed by the reassurance strategy. The strategy of Correcting Misunderstanding and Rumors was used more often during this phase and pre-crisis phase than in crisis phase, which indicates an increase in rumors due to ambiguity as crisis outbreak. -       As crisis phase started, the use of uncertainty reduction strategy prevailed, it was ranked first through publishing daily case reports regularly with numbers of cases, death and recovery, informing public of official information sources, and inviting them to present their inquiries.  Efficacy strategy came in the second rank, which indicates that Educating public about effective behaviors to prevent the spread of the disease; and avoid harming others was a primary goal during crisis phase, followed by Providing Recommendations strategy

Pengurangan Ketidakpastian pada Pekerja Salon Tunarungu dalam Melayani Pelanggan Baru

This research aims to know how the forms of uncertainty experienced by deaf salon workers, as well as how they reduce uncertainty in communicating with new customers. This research is a qualitative descriptive research, such as for the collections of data using in-depth interviews and observations of 4 people at the deaf salon workers. The research of this studi show the form of uncertainty experienced by the workers among others: 1) Cognitive uncertainty, worries about the limitations they have made them difficult to get clear information, not able to understand customer’s wishes, fear will get bad prejudice from customers. 2) Behavior uncertainty is an inability to estimate new customer behavior, worry there will be complaints if you are not satisfied with the treatment provided, worries about a customer bidding a lower price than the one set. The process of reducing uncertainty experienced by deaf salon workers: 1) Proactive process, where the deaf salon workers thinks about the communication options it will do, they great them directly, think of verbal communication and not. 2) Retroactive process, where the deaf workers explained how to interact with new customers, how the attitude and behaviors of the opponent talk about interacting with them. In addition to the uncertainty reduction strategy undertaken by deaf salon workers. 1) Passive strategy, by doing observations as an effort to find out about new customers and what do they have to do. 2) Active strategy, deaf salon workers looking for information using third person help or in other words ask about someone through others. 3) Interactive strategy, deaf salon workers perform interactions directly to reduce the sense of uncertainty they experience.